Effective Offender Reentry Programs For Local Communities

Introduction More than 700,000 prisoners are discharged from Federal and state prison every year, while another nine million cycle through regional prisons. Surprisingly, more than two-thirds of these inmates are arrested again within three years of their discharge and many of them end up reincarcerated (White House, 2011). Such high rates of relapse and recidivism are adding a huge burden on the current criminal justice system, calling for the public support for improvements and promotion of effective offender reentry programs in local communities. There are numerous reentry services that are arranged to help ex-offenders to successfully transition back into the community: housing, employment services, education, family services, physical mental health services, and substance abuse treatment just to name a few. Through effective implementation of these services, local governments strive to transform returning prisoners into to tax-paying and law-abiding citizens, and in turn, build safer communities. In order to enjoy easier transition from prison to the community, many ex-offenders live in neighborhood-based residential facilities called halfway houses. Many advocate halfway houses to those newly released from prisons because these facilities offer various kinds of services to help lower the risk of their relapse or recidivism (Halfway House). Mr. Douglas Hollis, a 55-year-old man convicted at the age of 16 for a Second Degree Murder, is also expected to live inShow MoreRelatedAn Offender Reentry Plan Will Keep the Citizens of Hawaii Safer.1709 Words   |  7 Pagesprisons. Part of its role is to fulfill its mission of implementing a successful offender reentry program for all incarcerated offenders. This mission is mandated by the Hawaii State Senate Bill 932, Act 8 (Nakaso Kayton, 2007). The approval of this legislature was made in order to alleviate the problem of recidivism and stop the â€Å"swinging door effect.† The â€Å"swinging door effe ct† is defined as the repeated return of offenders into incarceration within a short period. This will also help the State ofRead MorePrison Treatment1471 Words   |  6 PagesOffenders and the Need for Treatment A hard line stance by law enforcement to treat addiction with a criminal justice approach rather than with a public health approach has resulted in over-crowded prisons and offenders in need of treatment. The rise of the prison population began with enactment of the federal Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (Olson Lurigio, 2014). Highlighting the escalating prison population, Olson and Lurigio (2014) noted from 1990-2000 the stateRead MoreAmerica s High Prison Population1511 Words   |  7 Pagesrising problem with prison overcrowding. While prison overcrowding increases the economic burdens on local and state governments, common factors leading to the high prison population is linked to the need for improved juvenile programs that deter criminal behavior and fund for rehabilitation for reentry into mainstream society. With effective programs to deter juvenile crime and to aid in offender reentry coupled with sentencing reforms, overcrowding in the n ation’s prisons would decline. Among nearlyRead MoreEvaluation Of A Probation Supervision1737 Words   |  7 PagesStates, and is designed to achieve control in a community setting over offenders who would otherwise go to prison. Some states have extended intensive supervision to paroles, allowing the early release of some who would otherwise serve longer prison terms. The book also mentions that this type of probation can be effective by saying, a study published in 2000 shows that IPS programs can be effective at reducing recidivism, especially if the programs are well planned and fully implemented (SchmallegerRead MoreOffenders And The Need For Treatment Case Study979 Words   |  4 PagesOffenders and the Need for Treatment The hard line stance by law enforcement to treat addiction with a criminal justice approach rather than with a public health approach has resulted in over-crowded prisons and offenders in need of treatment. A significant rise in the prison population began with enactment of the federal Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (Olson Lurigio, 2014). Similarly, Olson and Lurigio (2014) highlighted the escalating prison population by notingRead MoreAmerica Should Not Afford For Nonviolent Criminals Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagescriminals. Why reward offenders with food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and treatment programs at the taxpayers expense? Community supervision programs that require offenders to work to support themselves and their families make better sense. In addition, offenders should pay supervision fees, restitution to victims and court costs. Further, offenders on community supervision could utilize to addiction treatment programs and menta l health services to avoid re-offending. Community supervision offersRead MoreThe Maryland Second Chance Act1163 Words   |  5 Pagespassed in 2015 and became effective 1 October of that year. Maryland’s Second Chance Act comes after a federal act of the same name originally passed in 2007. The federal Second Chance Act of 2007 sought federal grants to aid in the reentry of offenders, aiding in the reentry planning process and its implementation. The federal act sought to rewrite and reauthorize the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, which provided assistance to adults and juvenile offenders and their families duringRead MorePunishment vs Rehabilitation1678 Words   |  7 Pagesand Security - AJS/502 March 17, 2014 Arnold Wicker    Punishment versus Rehabilitation, there has been many debates on the effectiveness of punishment compared to the effectiveness of rehabilitation of convicted offenders in prison and under community supervision. Punishment is defined as a penalty that is imposed on an individual for doing something wrong. The term rehabilitation is defined as a way to help somebody to return to good health or a normal life by providing trainingRead MoreProbation Is The Criminal Justice System2410 Words   |  10 PagesQuestion one Probation is defined as ‘the conditional release of an offender into the community, under the supervision of a probation officer. The inclination made from this definition is that probation is not permanent and is revocable if certain conditions are not met as per the agreement between the criminal justice system and the offender (Schemalleger, 2009). The rations for probation are usually four: allowing the offender to be part of the community’s reintegration services. It relies onRead MoreFaith-Based Rehab Programs in Prison Essay1183 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Faith-based Rehabilitation Programs in Prisons Yashila Crowell JUS 510 Contemporary CJ Issues and Trends April 13, 2014 Professor Lacy Ellis Faith-based rehabilitation programs are support groups within the prison system that inmates can be a part of to encourage, support, stability, growth, life changing skills, and thinking. These programs can help assist inmates in adjusting to prison life while being incarcerated and it can also help them have a strong foundation upon their

Irish Health and Safety Law - 1327 Words

Before 1989 Ireland had very little laws in place for the safety and health of the people at work. Any law that was in place for this was in place for factory and mine workers only. In 1989 a new act was implemented by the Irish Government to cover all people performing any type of work, this was called The Health, Safety and Welfare at Work Act. This Act was then replaced by a newer edition in 2005. My assignment will outline the laws stated in both acts. In 1989 an Act was brought into Irish legislation called the Health and Safety and Welfare at Work Act. It was created to cover all people who carried out ‘work’. Employers, employees in all places of work and to the self employed. As stated in the 1989 Act a place of work was ‘any,†¦show more content†¦The legislation under this Act states that every employer must, as soon as possible, prepare a statement in writing which is known as a safety statement. In this statement the employer must describe the way in which the safety, health and welfare in the workplace shall be secured. The safety statement should include how the employer intends to comply with the 2005 Act. It should contain a summary of the safety and health goals and objectives in the workplace, a list of responsibilities and the means of achieving the aims and objectives (Moffatt, 2006). If the safety inspector finds the safety statement to be inadequate he may order it to be revised. Also, w ith the increasing number of non national workers it may be required to have the safety statement in more than one language. It is a criminal offence not to have a safety statement for the workplace. Employers (including self-employed) are responsible for creating and maintaining a safe and healthy workplace as mentioned in the 1989 Act. Some of the duties the employers must carry out under the 2005 Act are defined by the term â€Å"reasonably practicable†. This statement means that the person has applied all due care when, having identified the hazards and assessed the risks at the workplace, has taken all necessary protective and preventive methods. Under the 2005 Act the duties of an employee include compliance of all the relevant legislation setShow MoreRelatedApple Inc. : Ethics, Leadership, Corporate Social Responsibility And Triple Bottom Line Reporting And Globalization1261 Words   |  6 PagesGlobalization. I. Addressing the needs of its employees. Meeting the needs of the employees and maintaining a profit margin. APPLE priorities health to assure a presentable employee who will create a relationship with the customers assuring them a comfortable work environment and addressing their needs. For example, they are offered with health insurances such as health, dental, and optical insurances. APPLE offers a 401k plan that consists of 14 funds offering the best way to save money in a taxable wayRead MoreThe Outside Dynamic Environment Punctuating Public Sector Organisations1142 Words   |  5 Pagesbasis of making a profit and shareholder accountability, it is goal driven, profit motivation and reward orientated. In the public sector â€Å"an action of helping or doing work for someone† is supplying a public need such as transport, communications or health service. It is a service provided to the population with greater public scrutiny and is not profit motivated. Public sector organisations are agents of the state to do the states business and are not in a position to make a profit; they are mandatedRead MoreA Basic Understanding Of Irish Law3020 Words   |  13 PagesTo address this question, a basic understanding of Irish law with all its complexities and contradictions is necessary. Irish law lays the foundations for all aspects of life within Irish society and just as society itself is constantly evolving, so too is Irish law as it is being constantly updated, reviewed and amended to keep up with the times and a modernising society. This essay will focus solely on the education sector and the respective underpinning principals which guide, direct and influenceRead MoreEssay on L egislation: Health, Safety, and Welfare in the Workplace983 Words   |  4 PagesLegislation Health, Safety and Welfare at Work Act 2005 Health, Safety and Welfare are applicable both to the employer and the employee in the work place. The Health and Safety Authority (HSA) enforces Health and Safety procedures and monitors compliance. The HSA provide a number of services to employers, employees and the public, including: †¢ workplace inspections and monitoring for compliance †¢ investigations into serious accidents †¢ providing information service †¢ develop new laws and standardsRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Safety On Organizations And Society989 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding the importance of workplace safety prevention is critical in the study of occupational health and safety. Workplace violence is a term used to describe a situation in which an individual experiences verbal abuse, threatening behaviour, harassment, or physical assault in their place of employment or business-related functions or events (OSH Answers Fact Sheet). This is a common occurrence in many workplaces and has a significant impact on the employees mental state, interfering withRead MoreDetermining the Safety of Different Genetically Modified Food1762 Words   |  7 Pagestrait [2]. Safety of GM foods Determining the safety of different GM foods cannot be generalised as different GM foods contain different genes in which are inserted in different ways. For this reason, the safety of GM foods must be assessed individually. The GM foods in which are currently available on international markets have all been risk assessed for safety and have shown to present little to no risk to human health. Likewise, there have been no reported effects on human health as a resultRead MoreExternal Quality Assurance1097 Words   |  4 Pageseither governmental or industry authorities. A significant amount of external quality assurance is mandated by law, so legal concerns are important to take into consideration. When external bodies are charged with maintaining quality assurance, there can be significant penalties for non-compliance. A restaurant with poor sanitation can be shut down; a transportation company with a poor safety record can face penalties or license revocation. In some cases, the ext ernal quality body is linked to an organisationRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of America977 Words   |  4 Pagestheir drink orders. The first words articulated out the woman’s mouth are spoken with a deep, thick, Irish accent. I could not help but acknowledge it and after chatting for a few minutes, I come to learn that they had just arrived from the airport and are vacationing in Florida for two weeks. After taking both parents drink orders, I ask their son what he would like to drink. Like the true Irish man he is, he asks me for a Guinness. He looked a little young to be drinking so I asked him for someRead MoreWe Need A Gun License951 Words   |  4 Pageslife. Despite their right to bear arms responsibly, they went against the law to kill someone that was no threat to them. Why are they allowed to do this? (Pause) Unlike the Republican’s, I believe we should run background checks on the people purchasing the firearms. I’m not here to take away your guns, I’m here to help keep the citizens of America safe. I believe that people should get a gun license to insure the safety of everyone. Why should we let an unlicensed person walk around with a gunRead MoreThe Impact of Eu on the Irish Legal System2622 Words   |  11 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1 Introduction 1 Section 2 EU LAW – Primary Legislation 2 2.1 Treaty of Rome 2 2.2 The Single European Act 2 2.3 The Maastricht Treaty 3 2.4 The Amsterdam Treaty 3 2.5 The Nice Treaty 3 2.6 The Lisbon Treaty 3 Section 3 EU LAW – Secondary Legislation 3.1 Regulations 4 3.2 Directives 4 3.3 Decisions 5 3.4 Recommendations, Opinions and Resolutions 5 Section 4 Crotty v. An Taoiseach - A Landmark Case. 7 Conclusion 9

Cloning Essay Research Paper Cloning the process free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper Cloning, the procedure of? Manipulating a cell from an animate being so that it grows into an exact extra of that animate being is the out fruit of biological science. ? ( Begley 54 ) . The word? ringer? , derived from the Grecian word? Klon? , intending branchlet or faux pas, refers to nonsexual reproduction. Besides known as vegetative reproduction. Cloning became known to the populace about 30 old ages ago. This thought of cloning about his clip resulted in an experiment of the successful nonsexual reproduction. This experiment took topographic point in England, where a whole clump of polliwogs was cloned by the technique of atomic organ transplant. Nuclear organ transplant refers to the procedure of traveling a karyon from one cell to another. ( Mckinnel 28 ) The individual responsible for this debut of cloning was Joshua Lederberg, a baronial laureate geneticist. ( Kass, Winters 9 ) Scientists have known for a long clip what it took to clone, and many had found themselves believing that it was biologically impossible. One job was the manner the embryo develops. Every cell in the organic structure comes from the same fertilized egg hence, every cell in the organic structure contains the same cistrons. But animate being and human cells are specialized and different, so that a bosom cell Acts of the Apostless as a bosom cell and a liver cell acts as a liver cell. This specialisation starts when the foetus is formed, and one time a cell reaches its concluding province, it neer alterations. A encephalon cell will ever be a encephalon cell every bit long as a individual is life, it would neer alter into a liver cell although it contains the same cistrons. ( Kolata 24 ) Frogs were the first multicellular animate beings to be cloned in the 1950? s. A thorough cloning experiment produces a toad asexually. No gamete nucleus, sperm or egg, participates in the development of a toad that is genuinely a ringer. ( Mckinnel 3 ) The cloning process in toads, frogs, and salamanders is really hard. In order to get down this cloning procedure, the ability to obtain eggs and sperm from toads had to be introduced. Besides the procedure of vitro fertilisation, remotion of maternal chromosomes from eggs, and the splitting of embryos into single cells. ( 140 ) To obtain frog eggs, the eggs have to turn to their maximal size and the toads are ready for hibernation under the ice of lakes and watercourses. Ovulation can be induced from September to or past the clip of natural ovulation. Eggs leave the ovary, move to the generative tubings, and go available to the embryologist when the female toad is injected with pituitary secretory organs or a combination of pituitary secretory organs and the endocrine Lipo-Lutin. The eggs can be removed from the female after this intervention by gently squashing the venters. ( 41 ) Frog sperm can be obtained by cutting the testicles of the toad into little pieces in a diluted salt solution. The testicles are dissected from the male, which normally requires forfeit of the frog giver. Then, a commercially available endocrine nowadays in pregnant worlds, is injected into a mature male toad. Within one hr, 1000000s of sperm are released from the testicles of the toad and found in the toad? s piss. This sperm is so capable of fertilising toad eggs. ( 41-42 ) Eggs and sperm can be combined in a glass dish at a precise clip. By caring for the fertilized eggs at a peculiar temperature and clip, donor embryos of predetermined phases can be obtained. Using glass dishes is a simple and efficient manner of bring forthing the toads since toad eggs are really big and contain an huge sum of stored nutrient. ( 42 ) The following measure to the cloning of toads is to fix the toad eggs to have a transplanted karyon. Freshly ovulated eggs have the same sum of DNA as an ordinary organic structure cell. That sum of DNA is twice the sum found in a sperm ; so it is called diploid. A sperm contains the monoploid sum of DNA. The fact that the ovulated eggs are diploid, helps with the experiment greatly. If diploid eggs could unite with diploid sperm, than the sum of Deoxyribonucleic acid in the progeny would go tremendous in merely a few coevalss, but this does non go on. What happens is that the toad egg becomes monoploid as the sperm already is, after it is released from the ovary and at that clip it is activated by the incursion of the sperm. This consequences in an egg devoid of any familial stuff in the signifier of chromosomes. This egg merely has to be removed from the jelly envelope that environments it by cutting it with scissors, in order for it to be ready to be transplanted in to a karyon. ( 42-43. ) After the jelly envelope is removed from the egg it is placed in a solution that separates each person cell of the egg. The surgery that is needed to be performed involves utilizing micropipettes, microinjection setup, and micromanipulation equipment. This micropipette is a glass tubing that is positioned next to the 1 cell selected from the many cells with the microinjection setup. The giver cell is so drawn into the micropipette with the microinjection setup, which is a machine that holds a tool really steady, and allows little precise motions of that tool. When the cell enters the gap of the micropipette, the cell membrane is ruptured and there is little escape of its cytol. The cell membrane is really thin but highly of import. ( 43-46 ) If the membrane is left on the inserted giver cell, the egg cell with its giver cell can non develop. However, a giver cell with its nucleus apart from the membrane can come together with the egg cytol to get down the developmental system-which sometimes consequences in the formation of a toad. ( 46. ) The procedure of cloning toads took really long to make and was frequently really unsuccessful. ( Cohen 13 ) Twenty old ages ago, when merely the lowly polliwogs had been cloned, bioethicists raised the possibility that scientists might someday progress the engineering to include human existences every bit good. ( Woodward 60 ) In 1978, the sterility revolution began. Louis Brown, who was born in England, was the universe? s first test-tube babe. Scientists had learned to fertilise adult females? s eggs outside their organic structures, leting human life to get down and take topographic point in a petri dish in a research lab. ( Kolata 11 ) In 1993, embryologists at George Washington University cloned human embryos, they took cells from 17 human embryos, ( defectives 1s ) they so teased apart the cells, grew each one in a lab dish and got a few 32-cell embryos, a size that could be implanted in a adult female. ( Begley 55 ) One of the greatest cloning experiments of all time accomplished was the production of Dolly. Scientist Ian Wilmut used several techniques learned from his research group and others to clone a sheep and do Dolly. Keith Campbell, his co-worker, sucked the karyon out of an egg that was taken from an Ewe. This created an egg with the absence of cistrons that would decease without its karyon. So he began the procedure of seting the karyon of an bag cell in to the egg. ( Kolata 21 ) He slipped the bag cell underneath the outer membrane of the egg. Following, he hit the egg for a few little seconds with explosions of electricity. This opened the pores of the egg and the bag cell? so that what was in the under cell, including chromosomes would travel into the egg and remain at that place. Now the egg had a nucleus shared by the bag cell. The electricity made the egg act as if it were fertilized. ( 27 ) After 21 times of reiterating this experiment, Wilmut and his co-workers had managed to make this kittenish small lamb name Dolly. Dolly does non resemble her biological female parent, she is an exact transcript or reproduction of her female parent? s indistinguishable twin. ( Nash 62 ) . Dolly was born on July 5, 1996 at 5:00 p.m. she was the most celebrated lamb to enter the universe and a creative activity that would alter the universe forever. She was born in a caducous, merely down the route from the Roslin Institute, in Scotland where she was created. She weighed 6.6 kgs, or 14.5 pound. ( Kolata 1-2 ) Although the cloning of Dolly was a great success, it was a really awful undertaking, but it shortly became a inquiry on everyone? s head. ( Kolata 10 ) Roslin research workers struggled for 10 old ages to accomplish their discovery. Finally, political and spiritual leaders around the universe grasped the construct that if scientists can clone sheep, they can likely clone worlds excessively. ( Nash 62 ) . Many different constructs of cloning have been considered since it is such a really controversial issue. Some positions discuss why cloning would function the universe with replies to the inquiries asked and possibilities thought of, while others feel cloning is merely a manner of doing the universe even more confusing than it already is. The ability to clone grownup mammals, in peculiar, opens up legion exciting possibilities ; from propagating endangered carnal species to bring forthing replacing variety meats for graft patients. ( Nash 63 ) The authorities could set a restraint on the cloning of human existences and they can besides publish ordinances that limit the work research workers can make. But the authorities can non halt people or groups of people that want to clone worlds. Now the cloning of worlds is within range and society as a whole is caught with its ethical bloomerss down. ( Woodward 60 ) Muslim Scholar Aldulaziz Sachdina, a medical ethician at the university of Virginia, asks? Imagine a universe with no demand for marriage. ? ( 61 ) ? The survey of cloning can give the universe deep penetrations into such mystifiers as spinal cords, bosom musculus A ; encephalon tissue that won? T regenerate after hurt, or malignant neoplastic disease that reverts to embryologic phase and multiplies? Uncontrollably? . ( 60 ) ? It? s a awful offense to do a Xerox of person, ? argues writer and scientific discipline critic Jeremy Rifkin. ? You? re seting a human into a familial straitjacket. For the first clip, we? ve taken the rule of industrial design? quality control predictability? and applied so to a human being. ? ( Kluger 20 ) Father Richard McCormick, a seasoned Jesuit Ethicist at the University of Notre Dame, represents the hardest line. ? Any cloning of worlds is morally repugnant. A individual who would desire a ringer of himself, says McCormick, is overpoweringly egoistic. One Richard McCormick is enough. ? ( Mckinnel 8 ) The cloning of a human existences would be unethical because it would non function any necessary or good medical intent. The research needed to develop human cloning would bring forth many imperfect consequences, and it would be iniquitous to merely dispose of these? errors? . In add-on, if worlds were successfully cloned, such individuals would hold no parents and would hence be less so to the full human in position. Furthermore, scientists merely do non hold the wisdom to direct the cause of development. ( O # 8217 ; Connor, Winters 9 ) ? Cloning is inherently despotic, ? Writes Ka, for it seeks to do kids ( or person else? s kids ) after 1s ain image ( or an image of 1s taking ) and their hereafter harmonizing to 1s will. In some instances, the absolutism may be mild and benevolent. In other instances, it will be arch and downright oppressive. But absolutism? the control of another through 1s ain will it necessarily will be. ? ( Kass, Winters 10 ) Protestant ethician Vershey of Hope College in Holland, Michigan, warns that cloning would plan parents to? believe of their kids as merchandises. ? ( Woodward 60 ) Many people feel that cloning human existences is non a good thought. They measure the morality of any act by the purpose behind it. They are besides concerned chiefly with the effects? for society every bit good as the person. ( 60 ) What we must understand is that cloning is non a 2nd opportunity at life, but another souls opportunity at your life. Of all the frights such as, a universe with no matrimony, kids being idea of as merchandises, and all the inquiries such as, does the original and clone portion the same Karma, ( Woodward 60 ) the ultimate incubus scenario would be the thought of a dictator being genetically duplicated. While some of us are trusting for the following Einstein or Elvis, person else may be waiting for the following Hitler or Jeffrey Dohmer. ( Kluger 71 ) Although cloning of human existences may non be wholly good the cloning of animate beings can function as a benefit of many different intents. With animate beings, you could do the curdling factors used for Hemophilia. It may even be good for cystic fibrosis. ( Wilmut, winters 50 ) Animals that are on the brink of being inherent aptitude can be kept alive alternatively of being wiped off of the face of the Earth. ( Kolata 10 ) Many effects come along with the cloning of animate beings and worlds. ? Here? s the regulation? , says psychologist Jerome Kagan of Harvard. ? You will neer acquire 100 % individuality? neer? because of opportunity factors and because environments are neer precisely the same. ? ( Begley 55 ) A ringer could resemble the person it was made from, but there could be many alterations in the traits of that ringer, which make up that person, such as personality, character, intelligence and endowments. ( 55 ) Embryologist Colin Stewart of the National Cancer Institute found an obstruction in human cloning. He found that in sheep embryos, the cistrons from the giver cell Don? t bend until they have divided about 3 or 4 times, but in worlds the cistrons bend after 2 divisions. This may be the reply to the obstructions of cloning, although it may non ( 55 ) There are 1000s of inquiries that come up with issue of cloning, like who will be the alternate female parent, or who will supply a surrogate uterine environment for the ringer? We are more advanced in engineering of ovulation and micromanipulation of karyon that we can bring forth an unreal placenta. So cloning of worlds will take topographic point, which will deliver adult females from the load of gestation. ( Mckinnel 111 ) If we cloned worlds, it would ensue in unnatural progeny and there is no warrant that a foetus will be wholly undamaged. ( 110 ) Even if we do hold on which persons would function as humanity? s templets of flawlessness, there? s no warrant that consecutive transcripts would be everything that the masters were. ( Kluger 71 ) ? Equally far as anyone can state, Dolly is an exact transcript of the Ewe who? s Deoxyribonucleic acid she carries. But with sheep it? s sort of difficult to descry differences anyhow. When it comes to people, cistrons are merely the start. ? ( Begley 57 ) Although Dolly may look like a immature, healthy lamb, there are still many things to see, and many inquiries to be answered. The cell being cloned has undergone old ages of mutant, and these mutants can non be detected. It is possible that Dolly may non populate really long because she came from a six twelvemonth old cell. She may exhibit marks of premature aging. In add-on, cloning sometimes amendss DNA, as a consequence, she may develop a figure of diseases. ( Nash 65 ) Some possibilities of cloning makes us inquire, if cloning is misused it may be possible that the consequences will be tremendous. The possibility of? Virgin Births? , raising the dead, and adult females giving birth to themselves, ? ( 64 ) is really chilling and really existent. While cloning may be a scientific discovery, and open up a universe of possibilities it is of import to retrieve that human cloning is really serious, and could incorporate many consequences that could interrupt the class of 1s life in many ways. If in the incorrect custodies cloning can be really unsafe. It is much to involved to take lightly, and it may do an already helter-skelter universe destructive!

Decision making paper Essay Example For Students

Decision making paper Essay I have been employed for 17 years with a major aerospace company. Like any corporation, it functions through a multi-tiered managerial hierarchy. In the spring of 2000, several derogatory comments appeared on www.companygossip.com about Stella OBrien (not her real name), an employee of the aerospace company. The www.companygossip.com, is a website in which anyone can post comments about their superiors and co-workers or complaints about their employment environment. The comments posted about Stella were slanderous and sexually explicit, and evidently posted by a co-worker. Stella reported these incidents directly to the Manager of Launch Operations, the head of the aerospace program on which she worked. He told her to just ignore it. Not surprisingly, within a few days, slanderous statements were again posted about Stella on the website. She again complained to the Manager of Launch Operations, who took no steps to report the incidents to upper management. Instead, he reported the incident to the Manager of the Information Systems Department, Mr. Blair (not his real name). Mr. Blairs response was Dont worry about it, just ignore it. The website comments continued, becoming more crude and graphic. Stella then contacted the Manager of the Human Resources Department, who advised her that it was a freedom of speech issue and that HR could do nothing about it. He suggested that she contact the companys Ethics Department. As the incidents continued, Stella repeatedly reported them to Mr. Blair and finally, threatened to retain an attorney to force the company to resolve the problem. Mr. Blair, fearing legal action, contacted the companys legal department and several other consultants to advise him on the best course of action. About two weeks after Stella threatened to retain a lawyer, the problem was resolved. The systems administrator denied access to all computers on the companys network to the IP address and internet domain name of www.companygossip.com. In other words, the IS Department locked all employees access to the website. The computer, from which the slanderous statements initiated could have been traced, no such action was taken. The employee(s) responsible were never identified. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Decision. None of the managers whom Stella initially contacted (the Manager of Launch Operations, IS Manager and HR Manager) were willing to use their reasoned judgment or some form of cognitive thinking to negotiate a solution. They simply wanted to ignore the situation in the hopes that it would go away. The problem did not present a routine situation where programmed decisions or a standard set of rules could be applied. The company had no standardized set of mechanical procedures in place to deal with the novel problem, and none of the managers were willing to take the initiative to make a non-programmed decision. Eventually, when faced with the threat of legal action, the HR Manager implemented a systematic decision making process, taking a more logical, step-by-step approach, contacting others (legal department and IS Department) whose input could be used to frame and evaluate alternatives and ultimately come to a decision. The only strength of the decision was that it solved Stellas immediate problem; however, barring access to a single website represents a band-aid for an otherwise company-wide problem. Similar problems are destined to occur in the future involving other employees and other websites until eventually, the managers of the impacted departments will have to look for a global solution. The company will have to create systematic procedures for all departments in dealing with internet abuses by company employees. The failure of company managers to discuss a global solution to employees internet abuses creates a situation ripe for continuing abuses. The result will be that the managers will waste time and effort each time a similar abuse is brought to their attention and eventually, plagued with the same problem again and again, they will be forced to create a company-wide procedure to resolve the problem. Stellas situation gives rise to the ethical issue of a companys responsibility to deal with sexual harassment among its employees and other matters of serious consequence to its employees well-being. At the aerospace company, the Corporate Office of Ethics and Business Conduct serves as a source for information and advice and the Human Resource .